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<title>Peyer's patch</title>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lightgreen">Peyer's patch</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Cross section of <a href="Ileum" title="Ileum">ileum</a> with a Peyer's patch circled</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">Lymphatic system</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>noduli lymphoidei aggregati</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010581">D010581</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/05.6.01.014%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A05.6.01.014</a><br> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/05.7.02.009%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A05.7.02.009</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=2960">2960</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=2978">2978</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Terminologia_Histologica" title="Terminologia Histologica">TH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/PDF/TH%20Chapter%20H3.04.pdf">H3.04.03.0.00020 </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma15054">15054</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Peyer's patches</b> or <b>aggregated lymphoid nodules</b> are organized <a href="Lymphoid_follicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphoid follicle">lymphoid follicles</a>, named after the 17th-century Swiss anatomist <a href="Johann_Conrad_Peyer" title="Johann Conrad Peyer">Johann Conrad Peyer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peyer_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are an important part of <a href="Gut_associated_lymphoid_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut associated lymphoid tissue">gut associated lymphoid tissue</a> usually found in humans in the lowest portion of the <a href="Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>, mainly in the distal <a href="Jejunum" title="Jejunum">jejunum</a> and the <a href="Ileum" title="Ileum">ileum</a>, but also could be detected in the <a href="Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornes_J_S_1965_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornes_J_S_1965-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Peyer's patches had been observed and described by several anatomists during the 17th century,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in 1677 Swiss anatomist Johann Conrad Peyer (1653–1712) described the patches so clearly that they were eventually named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-Peyer_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Peyer believed they were glands that secreted something into the small intestine to facilitate digestion. It was not until 1850 that the Swiss physician Rudolph Oskar Ziegler (1828–1881) suggested, after careful microscopic examination, that Peyer's patches were actually lymph glands.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div>

<p>Peyer's patches are observable as elongated thickenings of the <a href="Intestinal_mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal mucosa">intestinal mucosa</a> measuring a few centimeters in length. About 100 are found in humans. Microscopically, Peyer's patches appear as oval or round lymphoid follicles (similar to <a href="Lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymph nodes">lymph nodes</a>) located in the <a href="Mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosa">mucosa</a> layer of the <a href="Ileum" title="Ileum">ileum</a> and extend into the <a href="Submucosa" title="Submucosa">submucosa</a> layer.

The number of Peyer's patches peaks at age 15–25 and then declines during adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornes_J_S_1965_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornes_J_S_1965-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

In the distal ileum, they are numerous and they form a lymphoid ring. At least 46% of Peyer's patches are concentrated in the distal 25 cm of ileum in humans. It is important to note that there are large variations in size, shape, and distribution of Peyer's patches from one individual to another one.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

In adults, B lymphocytes are seen to dominate the follicles' germinal centers. <a href="T_lymphocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="T lymphocytes">T lymphocytes</a> are found in the zones between follicles. Among the mononuclear cells, CD4+/CD25+ (10%) cells and CD8+/CD25+ (5%) cells are more abundant in Peyer's patches than in the peripheral blood.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21188221_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21188221-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Peyer's patches are characterized by the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE), which covers all lymphoid follicles.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FAE differs from typical small <a href="Intestinal_villus" title="Intestinal villus">intestinal villus</a> epithelium: it has fewer <a href="Goblet_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Goblet cells">goblet cells</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore mucus layer is thinner,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is also characterized by the presence of specialized M cells or <a href="Microfold_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfold cells">microfold cells</a>, which provide uptake and transport of antigens from lumen.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, <a href="Basal_lamina" title="Basal lamina">basal lamina</a> of follicle-associated epithelium is more porous compared to intestinal villus.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, follicle-associated epithelium is less permeable for ions and macromolecules, basically due to higher expression of <a href="Tight_junction" title="Tight junction">tight junction</a> proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2></div>

<p>Because the <a href="Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a> of the <a href="Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> is exposed to the external environment, much of it is populated with potentially <a href="Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogenic</a> <a href="Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>. Peyer's patches thus establish their importance in the immune surveillance of the intestinal lumen and in facilitating production of the immune response within the <a href="Mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosa">mucosa</a>.

</p><p>Pathogenic microorganisms and other <a href="Antigen" title="Antigen">antigens</a> entering the intestinal tract encounter <a href="Macrophages" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophages">macrophages</a>, <a href="Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">dendritic cells</a>, <a href="B-cells" class="mw-redirect" title="B-cells">B-lymphocytes</a>, and <a href="T-lymphocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="T-lymphocytes">T-lymphocytes</a> found in Peyer's patches and other sites of <a href="Gut-associated_lymphoid_tissue" title="Gut-associated lymphoid tissue">gut-associated lymphoid tissue</a> (GALT). Peyer's patches thus act for the gastrointestinal system much as the <a href="Tonsil" title="Tonsil">tonsils</a> act for the <a href="Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a>, trapping foreign particles, surveilling them, and destroying them. Peyer's patches have adaptive immune capabilities through inducing selective apoptosis of B cells due to <a href="CD122" class="mw-redirect" title="CD122">CD122</a>-targeted <a href="Interleukin_2" title="Interleukin 2">interleukin-2</a> (IL-2) signaling. Additionally, the B cell population can be restored. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Peyer's patches are covered by a special follicle-associated epithelium that contains specialized cells called microfold cells (<a href="Microfold_cell" title="Microfold cell">M cells</a>) which sample antigen directly from the lumen and deliver it to <a href="Antigen-presenting_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigen-presenting cells">antigen-presenting cells</a> (located in a unique pocket-like structure on their <a href="Epithelial_polarity#Basolateral_membranes" title="Epithelial polarity">basolateral side</a>). Dendritic cells and macrophages can also directly sample the lumen by extending dendrites through transcellular M cell-specific pores.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time the paracellular pathway of follicle-associated epithelium is closed tightly to prevent penetration of antigens and continuous contact with immune cells.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="T_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="T cells">T cells</a>, <a href="B-cell" class="mw-redirect" title="B-cell">B-cells</a> and memory cells are stimulated upon encountering <a href="Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a> in Peyer's patches. These cells then pass to the <a href="Mesenteric_lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenteric lymph nodes">mesenteric lymph nodes</a> where the immune response is amplified. Activated lymphocytes pass into the blood stream via the <a href="Thoracic_duct" title="Thoracic duct">thoracic duct</a> and travel to the gut where they carry out their final effector functions. The maturation of B-lymphocytes takes place in the Peyer's patch.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2></div>

<p>Although important in the immune response, excessive growth of lymphoid tissue in Peyer's patches is pathologic, as <a href="Organ_hypertrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ hypertrophy">hypertrophy</a> of Peyer's patches has been closely associated with idiopathic <a href="Intussusception_(medical_disorder)" title="Intussusception (medical disorder)">intussusception</a>.

</p><p>Having too many or larger than normal Peyer's patches is associated with an increased risk of <a href="Prion_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Prion disease">prion diseases</a>, and <a href="Intussusception_(medical_disorder)" title="Intussusception (medical disorder)">intussusception</a> in children. A history of viral illness is a risk factor for enlarged or inflamed Peyer's patches.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><i><a href="Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella typhi</a></i> and <a href="Poliovirus" title="Poliovirus">poliovirus</a> also target this section of the intestine.<sup id="cite_ref-BMJ_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJ-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Disturbances in the gut microbiota and immune regulation within Peyer's patches are implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as Crohn's disease, where chronic inflammation can arise due to overactive immune responses.<sup id="cite_ref-C_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Peyer's patches are packed with immune cells and produce protective proteins such as secretory IgA to maintain gut balance, their dysfunction can trigger inappropriate immune responses, driving the inflammation and tissue damage characteristic of autoimmune diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a></li>

<li><a href="Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">Lung cancer</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Peyer%27s_patches" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Peyer's patches">Peyer's patches</a></span>.</div></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFPeyer1677" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peyer, Johann Conrad (1677). <i>Exercitatio Anatomico-Medica de Glandulis Intestinorum, Earumque Usu et Affectionibus</i> [<i>Anatomical-medical essay on the intestinal glands, and their function and diseases</i>] (in Latin). Schaffhausen, Switzerland: Onophrius à Waldkirch.</cite>

<ul><li>Reprinted as: <cite id="CITEREFPeyer1681" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peyer, Johann Conrad (1681). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AiM_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7"><i>Exercitatio Anatomico-Medica de Glandulis Intestinorum, Earumque Usu et Affectionibus</i></a> (in Latin). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Henrik Wetstein.</cite></li>

<li>Peyer referred to Peyer's patches as <i>plexus</i> or <i>agmina glandularum</i> (clusters of glands). From (Peyer, 1681), p. 7: <i>"Tenui a perfectiorum animalium Intestina accuratius perlustranti, crebra hinc inde, variis intervallis, corpusculorum glandulosorum Agmina sive Plexus se produnt, diversae Magnitudinis atque Figurae."</i> (I knew from careful study of more advanced animals, the intestines bear — often here and there, at various intervals — clusters of glandular small bodies or "plexuses" of diverse size and shape.) From p. 15: <i>"(has Plexus seu agmina Glandularum voco)"</i> (I call them "plexuses" or clusters of glands) He described their appearance. From p. 8: <i>"Horum vero Plexuum facies modo in orbem concinnata; modo in Ovi aut Olivae oblongam, aliamve angulosam ac magis anomalam disposita figuram cernitur."</i> (But the configurations of these "plexuses" are arranged at one time in a circle; at another time, it is seen in an egg [shape] or an oblong olive [shape] or other faceted and more irregularly arranged shape.) Drawings of Peyer's patches appear after pages 22 and 24.</li></ul>

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<li id="cite_note-Cornes_J_S_1965-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cornes_J_S_1965_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornes_J_S_1965_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZijlstraAuchinclossLoringChase1992" class="citation journal cs1">Zijlstra M, Auchincloss H, Loring JM, Chase CM, Russell PS, Jaenisch R (April 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1552287">"Skin graft rejection by beta 2-microglobulin-deficient mice"</a>. <i>The Journal of Experimental Medicine</i>. <b>175</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">885–</span>93. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fgut.6.3.225">10.1136/gut.6.3.225</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1552287">1552287</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18668776">18668776</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHaller1765" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haller, Albrecht von (1765). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E3lIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA35"><i>Elementa Physiologiae corporis humani</i></a> [<i>Elements of the physiology of the human body</i>] (in Latin). Vol. 7. Bern, Switzerland: Societas Typographica. p. 35.</cite> Anatomists who mentioned Peyer's patches included:

<ul><li>Johann Theodor Schenck (1619–1671): <cite id="CITEREFSchenck1672" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schenck, Johann Theodor (1672). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jRxmAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA334"><i>Exercitationes Anatomicæ ad Usum Medicum Accommodatæ</i></a> [<i>Anatomical Exercises Suited to Medical Practice</i>] (in Latin). Jena, (Germany): Johann Ludwig Neuenhahn. p. 334.</cite> Schenk thought that intestinal worms resided in Peyer's patches and that the orifices of the patches were the worms' mouths. From p. 334: <i>"In canibus saepissime observavi non ad ventriculum … a praeter labente chylo sibi conveniens allicerent."</i> (In dogs, I very often noticed — not only near the stomach but also on the walls of their small intestines — flesh-colored or glandular blisters, [appearing] to swim one after another, [in] which, when we dissected [them], I observed some smooth reddish worms [<i>vermium</i>] living there in clusters [with] their heads facing towards the cavity of the intestines, in which part there were glands with orifices, [but] reversed, so that from there they obtained, from the chyle flowing past, nourishment [that was] suitable for them.)</li>

<li>Jeremias Loss (1643–1684): <cite id="CITEREFLoss1683" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Loss, Jeremias (1683). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/evskthgv/items?canvas=14"><i>Dissertatio Medica de Glandulis in Genere</i></a> [<i>Medical Discourse on Glands in [Various] Species</i>] (in Latin). Wittenberg, (Germany): Martin Schultz. p. 12.</cite> On page 12, Loss states that some glands are located "<i>inter Membranas viscerum quorundam</i>" (between the membranes of certain internal organs) "<i> … prout id in Glandulis Intestinorum satis manifestum est.</i>" (as it is quite clear in the glands of the intestines), where "<i>In Intestinis ita congregantur, interdum pauciores, interdum plures, ut areolas quasdam constituant: … </i>" (in the intestines there are thus gathered sometimes fewer [glands], sometimes more [glands], so that they form certain round patches.)</li>

<li>Johannes Nicolaus Pechlin (1646–1706): <cite id="CITEREFPechlin1672" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pechlin, Johannes Nicolaus (1672). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=POBbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA510"><i>De Purgantium Medicamentorum Facultatibus</i></a> [<i>On the Means of Medicinal Purges</i>] (in Latin). Leiden and Amsterdam, Netherlands: Daniel, Abraham, and Adrian à Gaasbeek. p. 510.</cite> From p. 510: <i>" … ego tenuium glandularum glomeratum agmen esse ratus, … "</i> (… I considered the heaped cluster of fine glands, … )</li>

<li>Martin Lister (ca. 1638–1712): <cite id="CITEREFLister1673" class="citation journal cs1">Lister, Martin (23 June 1673). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/epdf/10.1098/rstl.1673.0026">"A letter of Mr Lister dated May 21. 1673. in York, partly taking notice of the foregoing intimations, partly communicating some anatomical observations and experiments concerning the unalterable character of the whiteness of the chyle within the lacteous veins; together with divers particulars observed in the guts, especially several sorts of worms found in them"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>8</b> (95): <span class="nowrap">6060–</span>6065. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1673RSPT....8.6060L">1673RSPT....8.6060L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1673.0026">10.1098/rstl.1673.0026</a>.</cite> From p. 6062: "As 1. <i>Glandulae miliares</i> of the small Guts, which may also in some Animals be well call'd <i>fragi-formes</i>, from the figure of the one half of a <i>Strawberry</i>, and which yet I take to be <i>Excretive</i> glanduls, because <i>Conglomerate</i>."</li>

<li>Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712): <cite id="CITEREFGrew1681" class="citation book cs1">Grew, Nehemiah (1681). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/B03528.0001.001/1:3?rgn=div1;view=fulltext"><i>The Comparative Anatomy of Stomachs and Guts Begun. Being Several Lectures Read before the Royal Society. In the Year, 1676</i></a>. London, England: Self-published. p. 3.</cite> Grew called Peyer's patches <i>pancreas intestinale</i>.</li></ul>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There were many earlier names for Peyer's patches:

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFTodd1859" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Robert Bentley, ed. (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wjoAAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA356"><i>The Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology</i></a>. Vol. 5. London, England: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts. p. 356 footnote.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLeidy1861" class="citation book cs1">Leidy, Joseph (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b4YZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA313"><i>An Elementary Treatise on Human Anatomy</i></a>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: J.B. Lippincott & Co. p. 313 footnote.</cite></li></ul>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler, Rudolph Oskar (1850) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b22355972"><i>Ueber die solitären und Peyerschen Follikel : Inaugural-Abhandlung, der medicinischen Facultät der Julius-Maximilians-Universität zu Würzburg vorgelegt</i></a> [On solitary and Peyer's follicles: Inaugural treatise, submitted to the medical faculty of the Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg] (in German) Würzburg, (Germany): Friederich Ernst Thein. From p. 37: <i>"Ebensogross, wo nicht grösser ist die Aehnlichkeit der sogenannten Peyer'schen Drüsen und der Lymphdrüsen."</i> (Just as great, if not greater, is the resemblance between the so-called Peyer's glands and the lymph glands.) From p. 38: <i>" … ja, man könnte selbst versucht sein, die letzteren für nichts als eine Art von zwischen den Wänden der Darmsschleimhaut eingebetteten Lymphdrüsen zu halten."</i> ( … indeed, one could even be tempted to regard the latter [i.e., the Peyer's patches] as nothing but some type of lymph glands [which are] embedded between the walls of the intestinal mucosa.)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVan_KruiningenWestFredaHolmes2002" class="citation journal cs1">Van Kruiningen HJ, West AB, Freda BJ, Holmes KA (May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00054725-200205000-00004">"Distribution of Peyer's patches in the distal ileum"</a>. <i>Inflammatory Bowel Diseases</i>. <b>8</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">180–</span>5. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00054725-200205000-00004">10.1097/00054725-200205000-00004</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11979138">11979138</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22514793">22514793</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-pmid21188221-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21188221_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJungHugotBarreau2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jung C, Hugot JP, Barreau F (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3004000">"Peyer's Patches: The Immune Sensors of the Intestine"</a>. <i>International Journal of Inflammation</i>. <b>2010</b>: 823710. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4061%2F2010%2F823710">10.4061/2010/823710</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3004000">3004000</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21188221">21188221</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOwenJones1974" class="citation journal cs1">Owen RL, Jones AL (February 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0016-5085%2874%2980102-2">"Epithelial cell specialization within human Peyer's patches: an ultrastructural study of intestinal lymphoid follicles"</a>. <i>Gastroenterology</i>. <b>66</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">189–</span>203. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0016-5085%2874%2980102-2">10.1016/s0016-5085(74)80102-2</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4810912">4810912</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOnoriFranchittoSferraVetuschi2001" class="citation journal cs1">Onori P, Franchitto A, Sferra R, Vetuschi A, Gaudio E (May 2001). "Peyer's patches epithelium in the rat: a morphological, immunohistochemical, and morphometrical study". <i>Digestive Diseases and Sciences</i>. <b>46</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1095–</span>104. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1010778532240">10.1023/a:1010778532240</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11341655">11341655</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34204173">34204173</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFErmundGustafssonHanssonKeita2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ermund A, Gustafsson JK, Hansson GC, Keita AV (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3865249">"Mucus properties and goblet cell quantification in mouse, rat and human ileal Peyer's patches"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (12): e83688. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...883688E">2013PLoSO...883688E</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0083688">10.1371/journal.pone.0083688</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3865249">3865249</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24358305">24358305</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTakeuchiGonda2004" class="citation journal cs1">Takeuchi T, Gonda T (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1292%2Fjvms.66.695">"Distribution of the pores of epithelial basement membrane in the rat small intestine"</a>. <i>The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science</i>. <b>66</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">695–</span>700. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1292%2Fjvms.66.695">10.1292/jvms.66.695</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15240945">15240945</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovFalchukKruglovaRadloff2016" class="citation journal cs1">Markov AG, Falchuk EL, Kruglova NM, Radloff J, Amasheh S (January 2016). "Claudin expression in follicle-associated epithelium of rat Peyer's patches defines a major restriction of the paracellular pathway". <i>Acta Physiologica</i>. <b>216</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">112–</span>9. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fapha.12559">10.1111/apha.12559</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11701%2F6438">11701/6438</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26228735">26228735</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13389571">13389571</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSinghDhumeTejeroStrutt2020" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Ayushi; Dhume, Kunal; Tejero, Joanne D.; Strutt, Tara M.; McKinstry, K. Kai (2020-07-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7391758">"CD122-targetted IL-2 signals cause acute and selective apoptosis of B cells in Peyer's Patches"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 12668. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..1012668S">2020NatSR..1012668S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-69632-5">10.1038/s41598-020-69632-5</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7391758">7391758</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32728053">32728053</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLelouardFalletde_BovisMéresse2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lelouard H, Fallet M, de Bovis B, Méresse S, Gorvel JP (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2011.11.039">"Peyer's patch dendritic cells sample antigens by extending dendrites through M cell-specific transcellular pores"</a>. <i>Gastroenterology</i>. <b>142</b> (3): 592–601.e3. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2011.11.039">10.1053/j.gastro.2011.11.039</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22155637">22155637</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBonnardelDa_SilvaHenriTamoutounour2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bonnardel J, Da Silva C, Henri S, Tamoutounour S, Chasson L, Montañana-Sanchis F, Gorvel JP, Lelouard H (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amu.hal.science/hal-01212685/file/1-s2.0-S2211124715003587-main.pdf">"Innate and adaptive immune functions of peyer's patch monocyte-derived cells"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cell Reports</i>. <b>11</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">770–</span>84. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.celrep.2015.03.067">10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.067</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25921539">25921539</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDiener2016" class="citation journal cs1">Diener M (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fapha.12595">"Roadblock for antigens--take a detour via M cells"</a>. <i>Acta Physiologica</i>. <b>216</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">13–</span>4. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fapha.12595">10.1111/apha.12595</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26335934">26335934</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMD2022" class="citation book cs1">MD, Steven M. Fiser (2022-08-30). <i>The ABSITE Review</i> (7th ed.). LWW. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-9751-9029-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFPascallStearnMosley1980" class="citation cs2">Pascall, C R; Stearn, E J; Mosley, J G (1980-07-05), "Short Reports", <i><a href="BMJ" class="mw-redirect" title="BMJ">British Medical Journal</a></i>, vol. 281, no. 6232, p. 26, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.281.6232.26-a">10.1136/bmj.281.6232.26-a</a>, <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1713722">1713722</a></span>, <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7407483">7407483</a>, <q>Unlike S hadar peritonitis, S typhi peritonitis is due to perforation of Peyer's patches.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-C-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBiskouMeira_de-FariaWalterWinberg2022" class="citation journal cs1">Biskou, Olga; Meira de-Faria, Felipe; Walter, Susanna M.; Winberg, Martin E.; Haapaniemi, Staffan; Myrelid, Pär; Söderholm, Johan D.; Keita, Åsa V. (January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8833935">"Increased Numbers of Enteric Glial Cells in the Peyer's Patches and Enhanced Intestinal Permeability by Glial Cell Mediators in Patients with Ileal Crohn's Disease"</a>. <i>Cells</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 335. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fcells11030335">10.3390/cells11030335</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2073-4409">2073-4409</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8833935">8833935</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35159145">35159145</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAbo-ShabanSharnaHosieLee2023" class="citation journal cs1">Abo-Shaban, T.; Sharna, S. S.; Hosie, S.; Lee, C. Y. Q.; Balasuriya, G. K.; McKeown, S. J.; Franks, A. E.; Hill-Yardin, E. L. (2023-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10033573">"Issues for patchy tissues: defining roles for gut-associated lymphoid tissue in neurodevelopment and disease"</a>. <i>Journal of Neural Transmission</i>. <b>130</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">269–</span>280. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00702-022-02561-x">10.1007/s00702-022-02561-x</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1435-1463">1435-1463</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10033573">10033573</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36309872">36309872</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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</style><div id="Organs_of_the_lymphatic_system122" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organs of the <a href="Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Primary_lymphoid_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary lymphoid organs">Primary organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">Bone marrow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hematopoietic_stem_cell" title="Hematopoietic stem cell">Hematopoietic stem cell</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hassall's_corpuscles" title="Hassall's corpuscles">Hassall's corpuscles</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Secondary_lymphoid_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary lymphoid organs">Secondary organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Spleen" title="Spleen">Spleen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Parts

<ul><li><a href="Splenic_hilum" class="mw-redirect" title="Splenic hilum">Hilum</a></li>

<li><a href="Trabeculae_of_spleen" title="Trabeculae of spleen">Trabeculae</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Cords_of_Billroth" title="Cords of Billroth">Cords of Billroth</a></li>

<li><a href="Marginal_zone" title="Marginal zone">Marginal zone</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="White_pulp" title="White pulp">White pulp</a>

<ul><li><a href="Periarteriolar_lymphoid_sheaths" title="Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths">Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths</a></li>

<li><a href="Germinal_center" title="Germinal center">Germinal center</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Blood vessels

<ul><li><a href="Trabecular_arteries" title="Trabecular arteries">Trabecular arteries</a></li>

<li><a href="Trabecular_veins" title="Trabecular veins">Trabecular veins</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tonsil" title="Tonsil">Tonsils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Palatine_tonsil" title="Palatine tonsil">Palatine</a></li>

<li><a href="Lingual_tonsils" title="Lingual tonsils">Lingual</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharyngeal_tonsil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharyngeal tonsil">Pharyngeal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tubal_tonsil" title="Tubal tonsil">Tubal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tonsillar_crypts" title="Tonsillar crypts">Tonsillar crypts</a></li>

<li><a href="Waldeyer's_tonsillar_ring" title="Waldeyer's tonsillar ring">Waldeyer's tonsillar ring</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">Lymph nodes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">Lymphatic vessel</a></li>

<li><a href="T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a>

<ul><li><a href="High_endothelial_venules" title="High endothelial venules">High endothelial venules</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="B_cell" title="B cell">B cells</a>

<ul><li><a href="Germinal_center" title="Germinal center">Germinal center</a></li>

<li><a href="Mantle_zone" title="Mantle zone">Mantle zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Marginal_zone" title="Marginal zone">Marginal zone</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mucosa-associated_lymphoid_tissue" title="Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue">MALT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Germinal_center" title="Germinal center">Germinal center</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_gastrointestinal_tract,_excluding_the_mouth230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Anatomy_of_the_gastrointestinal_tract,_excluding_the_mouth230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>, excluding the <a href="Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">mouth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gastrointestinal_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Pharynx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pharyngeal_muscles" title="Pharyngeal muscles">Muscles</a></li>

<li>Spaces

<ul><li><a href="Peripharyngeal_space" title="Peripharyngeal space">peripharyngeal </a></li>

<li><a href="Retropharyngeal_space" title="Retropharyngeal space">retropharyngeal </a></li>

<li><a href="Parapharyngeal_space" title="Parapharyngeal space">parapharyngeal </a></li>

<li><a href="Retrovisceral_space" title="Retrovisceral space">retrovisceral </a></li>

<li><a href="Danger_space" title="Danger space">danger</a></li>

<li><a href="Prevertebral_space" title="Prevertebral space">prevertebral</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pterygomandibular_raphe" title="Pterygomandibular raphe">Pterygomandibular raphe</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharyngeal_raphe" title="Pharyngeal raphe">Pharyngeal raphe</a></li>

<li><a href="Buccopharyngeal_fascia" title="Buccopharyngeal fascia">Buccopharyngeal fascia</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharyngobasilar_fascia" title="Pharyngobasilar fascia">Pharyngobasilar fascia</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyriform_sinus" title="Pyriform sinus">Pyriform sinus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Sphincters

<ul><li><a href="Esophagus#Sphincters" title="Esophagus">upper</a></li>

<li><a href="Esophagus#Sphincters" title="Esophagus">lower</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Esophageal_gland" title="Esophageal gland">glands</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Curvatures

<ul><li><a href="Curvatures_of_the_stomach#Greater_curvature" title="Curvatures of the stomach">greater</a></li>

<li><a href="Curvatures_of_the_stomach#Lesser_curvature" title="Curvatures of the stomach">lesser</a></li>

<li><a href="Angular_incisure" title="Angular incisure">Angular incisure</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stomach#Sections" title="Stomach">Cardia</a></li>

<li><a href="Stomach#Structure" title="Stomach">Fundus</a></li>

<li><a href="Pylorus" title="Pylorus">Pylorus</a></li>

<li><a href="Gastric_mucosa" title="Gastric mucosa">Gastric mucosa</a></li>

<li><a href="Gastric_folds" title="Gastric folds">Gastric folds</a></li>

<li>Microanatomy

<ul><li><a href="Gastric_pits" title="Gastric pits">Gastric pits</a></li>

<li><a href="Gastric_glands" title="Gastric glands">Gastric glands</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardiac_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac glands">Cardiac glands</a></li>

<li><a href="Fundic_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundic glands">Fundic glands</a></li>

<li><a href="Pylorus#Histology" title="Pylorus">Pyloric glands</a></li>

<li><a href="Foveolar_cell" title="Foveolar cell">Foveolar cells</a></li>

<li><a href="Parietal_cell" title="Parietal cell">Parietal cells</a></li>

<li><a href="Gastric_chief_cell" title="Gastric chief cell">Gastric chief cells</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterochromaffin-like_cell" title="Enterochromaffin-like cell">Enterochromaffin-like cells</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microanatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Intestinal_villus" title="Intestinal villus">Intestinal villi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microvillus" title="Microvillus">Microvilli</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Intestinal_gland" title="Intestinal gland">Intestinal glands</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterocyte" title="Enterocyte">Enterocytes</a></li>

<li><a href="Enteroendocrine_cell" title="Enteroendocrine cell">Enteroendocrine cells</a></li>

<li><a href="Goblet_cell" title="Goblet cell">Goblet cells</a></li>

<li><a href="Paneth_cell" title="Paneth cell">Paneth cells</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Suspensory_muscle_of_duodenum" title="Suspensory muscle of duodenum">Suspensory muscle</a></li>

<li><a href="Major_duodenal_papilla" title="Major duodenal papilla">Major duodenal papilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Minor_duodenal_papilla" title="Minor duodenal papilla">Minor duodenal papilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Duodenojejunal_flexure" title="Duodenojejunal flexure">Duodenojejunal flexure</a></li>

<li><a href="Brunner's_glands" title="Brunner's glands">Brunner's glands</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Jejunum" title="Jejunum">Jejunum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>No substructures</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ileocecal_valve" title="Ileocecal valve">Ileocecal valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Microfold_cell" title="Microfold cell">Microfold cells</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">Large intestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cecum" title="Cecum">Cecum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Large_intestine#Structure" title="Large intestine">Colon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ascending_colon" title="Ascending colon">Ascending colon</a></li>

<li><a href="Hepatic_flexure" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic flexure">Hepatic flexure</a></li>

<li><a href="Transverse_colon" title="Transverse colon">Transverse colon</a></li>

<li><a href="Splenic_flexure" class="mw-redirect" title="Splenic flexure">Splenic flexure</a></li>

<li><a href="Descending_colon" title="Descending colon">Descending colon</a></li>

<li><a href="Sigmoid_colon" title="Sigmoid colon">Sigmoid colon</a></li>

<li>Continuous

<ul><li><a href="Taenia_coli" title="Taenia coli">taenia coli</a></li>

<li><a href="Haustrum_(anatomy)" title="Haustrum (anatomy)">haustra</a></li>

<li><a href="Epiploic_appendix" title="Epiploic appendix">epiploic appendix</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Transverse_folds_of_rectum" title="Transverse folds of rectum">Transverse folds</a></li>

<li><a href="Rectal_ampulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectal ampulla">Ampulla</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">Anal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Anal_columns" title="Anal columns">Anal columns</a></li>

<li><a href="Anal_valves" title="Anal valves">Anal valves</a></li>

<li><a href="Anal_sinuses" title="Anal sinuses">Anal sinuses</a></li>

<li><a href="Pectinate_line" title="Pectinate line">Pectinate line</a></li>

<li><a href="Internal_anal_sphincter" title="Internal anal sphincter">Internal anal sphincter</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersphincteric_groove" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersphincteric groove">Intersphincteric groove</a></li>

<li><a href="External_anal_sphincter" title="External anal sphincter">External anal sphincter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gastrointestinal_wall" title="Gastrointestinal wall">Wall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Serous_membrane" title="Serous membrane">Serosa</a> / <a href="Adventitia" title="Adventitia">Adventitia</a></li>

<li><a href="Subserosa" title="Subserosa">Subserosa</a></li>

<li><a href="Muscular_layer" title="Muscular layer">Muscular layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Submucosa" title="Submucosa">Submucosa</a></li>

<li><a href="Circular_folds" title="Circular folds">Circular folds</a></li>

<li><a href="Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">Mucosa</a></li>

<li><a href="Muscularis_mucosae" title="Muscularis mucosae">Muscularis mucosa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox833" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text external" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A05.6.01.014">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text external" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A05.7.02.009">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-29" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Peyer's_patch&oldid=1298006237">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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